vmod_vsthrottle is a Varnish vmod for rate-limiting traffic on a single Varnish server.
It offers a simple interface for throttling traffic on a per-key basis to a specific request rate.
Keys can be specified from any VCL string, e.g. based on client.ip, a specific cookie value, an API token, etc.
The request rate is specified as the number of requests permitted over a period. To keep things simple, this is passed as two separate parameters, ‘limit’ and ‘period’.
If an optional duration ‘block’ is specified, then access is denied altogether for that period of time after the rate limit is reached. This is a way to entirely turn away a particularly troublesome source of traffic for a while, rather than let them back in as soon as the rate slips back under the threshold.
This VMOD implements a token bucket algorithm. State associated with the token bucket for each key is stored in-memory using BSD’s red-black tree implementation.
Memory usage is around 100 bytes per key tracked.
vcl 4.0;
import vsthrottle;
backend default { .host = "192.0.2.11"; .port = "8080"; }
sub vcl_recv {
# Varnish will set client.identity for you based on client IP.
if (vsthrottle.is_denied(client.identity, 15, 10s, 30s)) {
# Client has exceeded 15 reqs per 10s.
# When this happens, block altogether for the next 30s.
return (synth(429, "Too Many Requests"));
}
# There is a quota per API key that must be fulfilled.
if (vsthrottle.is_denied("apikey:" + req.http.Key, 30, 60s)) {
return (synth(429, "Too Many Requests"));
}
# Only allow a few POST/PUTs per client.
if (req.method == "POST" || req.method == "PUT") {
if (vsthrottle.is_denied("rw" + client.identity, 2, 10s)) {
return (synth(429, "Too Many Requests"));
}
}
}
BOOL is_denied(STRING key, INT limit, DURATION period, DURATION block=0)
Arguments:
This function (is_denied) can be used to rate limit the traffic for a specific key to a maximum of limit requests per period time.
If block is > 0s, (0s by default), then always deny for key for that length of time after hitting the threshold.
A token bucket is uniquely identified by the 4-tuple of its key, limit, period and block, so using the same key multiple places with different rules will create multiple token buckets.
Example
sub vcl_recv {
if (vsthrottle.is_denied(client.identity, 15, 10s)) {
# Client has exceeded 15 reqs per 10s
return (synth(429, "Too Many Requests"));
}
# ...
}
INT remaining(STRING key, INT limit, DURATION period, DURATION block=0)
Arguments:
This function returns the current number of tokens for a given token bucket. This can be used to create a response header to inform clients of their current quota.
Example
sub vcl_deliver {
set resp.http.X-RateLimit-Remaining = vsthrottle.remaining(client.identity, 15, 10s);
}
DURATION blocked(STRING key, INT limit, DURATION period, DURATION block)
Arguments - key: A unique identifier to define what is being throttled - limit: How many requests in the specified period - period: The time period - block: duration to block
If the token bucket identified by the four parameters has been blocked by use of the block parameter in is_denied(), then this function will return the time remaining in the block.
If it is not blocked, 0s is returned.
This can be used to inform clients how long they will be locked out.
Example
sub vcl_deliver {
set resp.http.Retry-After = vsthrottle.blocked(client.identity, 15, 10s, 30s);
}